The month was marked by significant volatility in crude oil prices driven by geopolitical tensions, concerns over supply and demand dynamics, and varying global economic indicators. Crude oil prices initially surged due to escalating geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, particularly following missile attacks involving Iran and Israel. This uncertainty led to fears of potential supply disruptions, pushing Brent crude oil prices up to around $78 per barrel early in the month. Towards the end of October, prices stabilized somewhat, with Brent crude closing at approximately $74.53 per barrel on October 25. The market was supported by speculation regarding OPEC+ potentially postponing planned production increases due to concerns over soft demand and rising supply. The ongoing conflict between Israel and Iran heightened fears of broader regional instability, which historically impacts oil supply routes and pricing. Despite geopolitical risks, there were indications of a potential oversupply in the coming quarters. Reports suggested that OPEC+ might adjust its production strategies in response to these dynamics, further influencing market sentiment. Demand concerns were exacerbated by stagnating business activity in Europe and uncertainties surrounding China's economic recovery post-COVID-19 lockdowns. Traders awaited clarity on China's stimulus measures, which could significantly impact global oil demand. And lastly positive signs emerged from the U.S., where refinery processing reached its highest seasonal levels in six years, providing some support for prices amid overall bearish sentiment.